De facto segregation – Segregation due to economic or social conditions or personal choices. De jure segregation – segregation required by law. Literacy testing – literacy requirements imposed by some states as a condition of voting, typically used to disqualify black voters in the South; Now illegal. Commercial Clause – The clause in the Constitution (Article I, Section 8, Clause 3) that gives Congress the power to regulate all business activities that cross state boundaries or involve more than one state or other nations. Poll tax – tax payable for voting; Prohibited for national elections by the Twenty-fourth Amendment (1964) and unconstitutional for all elections in Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections (1966). If you accidentally put the card in the wrong box, just click on the card to take it out of the box. If you need a break, try one of the other activities listed under memory cards, such as Matching, Snowman, or Hungry Bug. Although you feel like you`re playing a game, your brain is always making more connections with the information to help you. Restrictive covenant – A provision in a deed of real property that prohibits the sale to a person of a particular race or religion. The judicial application of these acts is unconstitutional. Natural rights – The right of all human beings to dignity and worth; also called human rights.

Jim Crow laws – state laws that were ubiquitous throughout the South, requiring that public facilities and housing be separated by race; declared unconstitutional. Equality Protection Clause – A clause in the Fourteenth Amendment that prohibits any state from denying equal protection of the law to any person within its jurisdiction. By interpretation, the Fifth Amendment imposes the same restriction on the national government. This clause constitutes the greatest constitutional restriction on the power of governments to discriminate against people on the basis of race, national origin or gender. Due Process Clause – A clause in the Fifth Amendment that limits the power of the national government; A similar clause in the Fourteenth Amendment prohibits state governments from depriving a person of life, liberty, or property without due process. White primaries – Democratic Party primaries in the former “one-party South” that were limited to whites and essentially an election; in Smith v. Allwright (1944). When you`re logged into your account, this site remembers which cards you know and which ones you don`t, so they`ll be in the same box the next time you log in.

To see how familiar you are with the information, try the quiz or testing activity. Majority minority district – A congressional district created to include a majority of minority voters; Constitutional, as long as race is not the main factor in the reclassification. Affirmative action – corrective measures to overcome the effects of discrimination against minorities and women. Class action – an action brought by a person or group of persons on behalf of all persons in a similar situation. Use these memory cards to store information. Look at the big map and try to remember what`s on the other side. Then click on the card to return it. If you know the answer, click the Knowledge green box. Otherwise, click the red Don`t know box.

Education is a better protection of freedom than a standing army. Edward Everett If you did not place seven or more cards in the White box, click Repeat to try those cards again. You can also use your keyboard to move cards as follows: Racial gerrymandering – The delimitation of electoral districts to ensure that members of a particular race are a minority in the electoral district; in Gomillion v. Lightfoot (1960).