According to article 132 of the Criminal Code, both the provision of false evidence and the preparation of false evidence constitute a crime. It is characterized by a criminal intent to knowingly present evidence and prepare false evidence for use in a court case. “Process, procedure, investigation or investigation” Next, we need to know what types of court proceedings are subject to these laws. The short answer is that PC 132 and PC 134 apply to any type of hearing or investigation authorized by California law. This means that evidence presented in proceedings such as small claims proceedings, circulation proceedings, arbitration, mediation, or even preliminary hearings and application hearings is subject to these laws as well as criminal or civil proceedings. Two bullet cases presented by senior police officers Hutton and Johnston were crucial evidence for the conviction. In 1980, following Thomas` pardon, a royal commission on convictions concluded: “Mr. Hutton and Mr. Johnston planted the grenade, room 350, in Crewe`s garden, and they did so to provide evidence that Mr. Thomas` rifle had been used in the murders.” [2] Perjury, crim.

This common law offence is defined as a deliberate false oath by which a person who is legally obliged to reveal the truth in a judicial proceeding swears absolutely in a matter that is essential to the point in question, whether or not he is believed. 2. If we analyze this definition, we will find 1st. That the oath must be intentional. 2d. That it must be wrong.3d. That the party has been legally sworn in. 4.

That the proceedings were judicial. 6. That the claim was absolute. 6. That lying was essential to the point in question. 3.-1. The intent must be intentional. The oath must be taken and the lie affirmed with care and knowledge of the nature of the statement made; for if it resulted from negligence, surprise, or error in the meaning of the question, there was no corrupt motive; Rapacious. B. 1, c.

69, p. 2; But anyone who deliberately and deliberately swears by something he hastily believes, which is false, and for which he had no probable reason to believe, is guilty of perjury. 6 binn. No. 249. See 1 Baldw. 370; 1 Bailey, 50. 4-2 The oath must be false. The party must believe that what it swears is fictitious; Because if he intends to deceive, he claims that what may turn out to be true, without knowing it, he is just as criminal, and the accidental truth of his testimony will not excuse him.

3 Inst. 166 Falke. B. 1, c. 69, s. 6. 5.-3. The party must be legally sworn. The person who takes the oath must be authorized to do so; An oath taken before an individual or an incompetent official does not therefore constitute perjury. 3 Inst. 166; 1 John. R.

498; 9 Cowen, r. 30; 3 McCord, r. 308; 4 McCord, it. 165; 2 Russ. at Cr. 520; 3 Carr. and Payne, 419; S. C. 14 Eng. Com.

Law Rep. 376; 2 Chitt. Cr. Law, 304; 4 falcons, 182; 1 N. & M. 546; 3 McCord, p. 308; 2 Hayw. 56; 8 Selection. 453.

6.-4. The procedure must be judicial. Proceedings before persons entrusted in any way with the administration of justice shall be deemed judicial in respect of all matters lawfully submitted to them. 2 Chitt. Crim. c. 303; 2 Russ. at Cr. 518; Rapacious. B.

1, c. 69, s. 3. See 3 Yeates, r. 414; 9 Animal. 238. Perjury cannot therefore be committed in a case for which the court did not have jurisdiction. 4 falcons, 182; 2 Hayw. 56; 3 McCord, p.

308; 8 Selection. 453: 1 N. & McC. 546. 7.-5. The claim must be absolute. However, if a person swears that he believes that what he knows to be false is true, it will be perjury. 2 Russ. at Cr. 518; 3 Wils. 427; 2 Bl. Rep.

881; 1 Leach, 242; 6 binn. 249; Loffts Gilb. Ev. 662. 8.-6. The oath must be essential to the question. If the facts invoked are totally unrelated to the object sought and totally unrelated to the matter in question, the oath does not constitute serious perjury. 2 Russell on Cr. 521; 3 Inst. 167; 8 Ves. 35 June; 2. roll, 41, 42, 369; 1 falcon.

B. 1, c. 69, p. 8; Ferry. From. Perjury, A; 2 N. & M. 118; 2 different. No.

158. Nor can one perjure the affidavit of a jewel or other thing whose value consists of an estimate. Sid. 146; 1 Keble, 510. 9. It is not in the plan of this work to cite all the laws adopted by the General Government or individual States on perjury. However, part of section 13 of the Congressional Act of 3 should be included here. March 1825, which states: “If a person is to be taken or administered in any case, in a case, in any other proceeding, when an oath or declaration is to be taken or administered under or by one or more laws of the United States, in taking such oath or assurance, he swears or certifies falsely of his own free will or of his own free will, that any person so offended shall be convicted of perjury and, if convicted, shall be punished by a fine not exceeding two thousand dollars and imprisonment and imprisonment in bardial work for not more than five years, according to the aggravation of the offence.