The lack of laws criminalizing steroids and their circulation, says Dr. Kamal Al-Hadidi of the anti-doping organization, means there are no serious efforts to treat them in the Arab world. He compares the situation in the Arab world to France, which treats steroids and hormones in the same way as illegal drugs. Bahrke, M. S., Yesalis 3rd, C. E., & Wright, J. E. (1996). Psychological and behavioral effects of endogenous testosterone and anabolic-androgenic steroids.

An update. Sports Med, 22(6), 367–390 Excerpt from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8969015. The Faris case is now in the hands of the North Amman Attorney General. His father Mohammad Al-Maiti filed a lawsuit against his coach. He is accused of causing the “death” of Faris, according to his lawyer. “We said he was the one who gave him the lethal needle because there is no penalty in the penal code for someone who gives steroids to another person. Ip, E. J., Barnett, M. J., Tenerowicz, M.

J., Kim, J. A., Wei, H. & Perry, P. J. (2010). Women and anabolic steroids: an analysis of a dozen users. Clin J Sport Med, 20(6), 475–481 doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0b013e3181fb5370 Excerpt from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21079445insights.ovid.com/pubmed?pmid=21079445. Bordbar, M. R.

F., Abdollahian, E., Samadi, R., & Dolatabadi, H. (2014). Frequency of use, awareness and attitude to the side effects of anabolic-androgenic steroid use among male medical students in Iran. Substance Use & Misuse, 49 (13), 1751-1758. doi.org/10.3109/10826084.2014.880175 Excerpt from ://WOS:000343678600001 www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.3109/10826084.2014.880175?needAccess=true. Prior to this tragedy, at least six other athletes are known to have died in the past two decades as a result of taking steroids. However, his parents did not take their cases to court, according to Mohammad Al-Kilani, president of the Jordanian Sports Union. So I talked to a pharmacist about steroids and he said that you can now buy them under the counter contain HGH, is that true or is it me? But first you have to order them Kicman, A. T. (2008). Pharmacology of anabolic steroids. British Journal of Pharmacology, 154(3), 502-521 doi.org/10.1038/bjp.2008.165 Extract from ://WOS:000256133600003 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2439524/pdf/bjp2008165a.pdf.

Al Bishi, K.A., & Afify, A. (2017). Prevalence and sensitization of anabolic androgenic steroids (ASA) among gymnasts in the western province of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Electronic Physician, 9(12), 6050-6057. doi.org/10.19082/6050 Excerpt from search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cmedm&AN=29560159&site=ehost-live. “It doesn`t matter who gives you the steroids,” says Mohammad Jamal, 24, “especially if you get to the stage where you think you need to build muscle. They take steroids so they can keep their muscles playing. “Pope, H. G., & Kanayama, G.

(2012). Anabolic-androgenic steroids. In Drug Abuse and Addiction in Medical Illness (pp. 251-264): Springer Science + Business Media. McVeigh, J. and Begley, E. (2017). Anabolic steroids in the UK: a growing public health problem. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 24(3), 278-285 doi.org/10.1080/09687637.2016.1245713. Petersson, A., Bengtsson, J., Voltaire-Carlsson, A., & Thiblin, I.

(2010). Motives of drug addicts for the use of anabolic androgenic steroids. Alcoholic, 111 (1-2), 170-172. doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.04.008 Excerpt from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20483546. Yesalis, C. E. (2000). Anabolic steroids in sport and exercise (2nd ed.). Champaign: Human kinetics. He told us that he was willing to ignore some of the rules while selling steroids to this journalist.

“I`m willing to do it even if I don`t like the injection, and I don`t like selling it because I`ve heard it can be harmful.” Lindqvist, A. S., Moberg, T., Eriksson, B. O., Ehrnborg, C., Rosen, T. & Fahlke, C. (2013). A 30-year retrospective follow-up study of former Swedish elite male athletes in power sports with a history of anabolic androgenic steroid use: a focus on mental health. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 47 (15). doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2012-091340 Excerpt from ://WOS:000324415300007 bjsm.bmj.com/content/bjsports/47/15/965.full.pdf. Alsamani, O., Tawfiq, S., Habib, H.U., Kotian, J., H H A (2017). The prevalence, knowledge, attitude and practice of the use of anabolic androgenic steroids (ASA) and protein powder supplements (PPS) among participating fitness centers in the Kingdom of Bahrain. Rachoń, D., Pokrywka, L., & Suchecka-Rachoń, K. (2006).

Prevalence and risk factors for anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) abuse among adolescents and young adults in Poland. Soz.-Präventivmed., 51(6), 392–398. doi.org/10.1007/s00038-006-6018-1 Excerpt from download.springer.com/static/pdf/327/art%253A10.1007%252Fs00038-006-6018-1.pdf?? originUrl=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs00038-006-6018-1&token2=exp=1462806169~acl=%2Fstatic%2Fpdf%2F327%2Fart%25253A10.1007%25252Fs00038-006-6018-1.pdf %3ForiginUrl%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Flink.springer.com%252Farticle%252F10.1007%252Fs00038-006-60181*~hmac= D94cf35d66d28ac7c07880d08eadf2c0403be4f3abccbd2d3b2956502fa3f9df. When we went to see Mohamad Al-Ababna, the president of the pharmacy, we learned that he was trying to make exceptions for some pharmacies that sold steroids without a prescription, despite his claim that it was a violation. We recognize that gender and religiosity are symbiotic in their relationship, as religious symbolism facilitates the male ego (Aslam 2012). In other countries, men have a higher prevalence of AAS use than women, for example in the United States (Kashkin and Kleber, 1989; Tokish et al., 2004; Yesalis 2001), the United Kingdom (Begley et al. 2017), Poland (Rachoń et al. 2006) and Sweden (Lindqvist et al. 2013), and as such, these results reflect gender differences in use in other countries. However, the Islamic faith prohibits alcohol intoxication and the use of addictive substances or behaviours, such as illegal drugs or gambling (Crabtree et al.

2017; Salaymeh, 2015). As mentioned earlier, we do not have a participant profile in terms of citizenship or religiosity. Van Hout and Kean (2015) reported that Muslim male users of ASA and other IPEDs in the UK felt that these substances caused them to control and promote their perception of their physical and mental health and were not harmful, thus circumventing religious parameters. In addition, we recognize that the use of SAA in the Islamic faith is discouraged and that the legality of SAA is unclear in some Eastern Mediterranean countries where regulatory controls are complex and diverse. Interestingly, one study, namely Angoorani and Halabchi (2015), observed a 25% prevalence of AAS use in their all-female study. This is perhaps an indication of the lowest proportion of women who attend traditional gyms in the included studies (and generally do not attend male gyms) (Donnelly et al. 2018). Dr. Kamal Al-Hadidi, toxicologist and president of the Jordanian Anti-Doping Organization, lists the consequences of taking steroids. In addition to the possibility of death, side effects include “atherosclerosis, change in blood pressure, increased aggressiveness, testicular atrophy, breast enlargement in men, erectile dysfunction, stroke, heart attacks, and liver cancer.” Al-Falasi, O., Al-Dahmani, K., Al-Eisaei, K., Al-Ameri, S., Al-Maskari, F., Nagelkerke, N., & Schneider, J.

(2008). Knowledge, attitude and practice of anabolic steroid use among gym users in Al-Ain district, United Arab Emirates. The Open Sports Medicine Journal, 2, 75-81. Zahnow, R., McVeigh, J., Bates, G., Hope, V., Kean, J., Campbell, J., & Smith, J. (2018). Identification of a typology of men using anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS). The International Journal of Drug Policy, 55, 105–112 Extrait de ac.els-cdn.com/S0955395918300616/1-s2.0-S0955395918300616-main.pdf?_tid=59ce28a0-d1f9-4505-b3ec-dd09b60d52a7&acdnat=1550157796_2b9651fce38b637e3f9ed0d6744983fd.